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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Hindu hermits live in groups described as ashramas | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The Sinhalese, after moving south through India, cross into Sri Lanka | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The Indian physician Susruta pioneers plastic surgery of the nose | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | Indian medical theory maintains that the body consists of three humours - spirit, phlegm and bile | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| c. 470 BC |
| | | Vardhamana, an Indian prince, leaves home to live as a beggar - at the start of the Jain religion | |
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| c. 430 BC |
| | | Siddartha Gautama, a prince in Nepal, leaves home to become a wandering ascetic | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama Buddha preaches his first sermon, at Sarnath, setting out the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama, after a night of meditation under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, is 'enlightened' and becomes the Buddha | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | Buddha introduces a vigorous tradition of monasticism, in the order of Buddhist monks known as Sangha | |
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